The Setting Of Anthem By George Orwell - 1297 Words

Anthem Setting The setting of Anthem is set in a very distant future. As the main characters grow in the story, they learn that the society that they knew was not a utopia but a dystopia. The characters live in a society, a countryside, where they have no individuality and refer to themselves as We. The setting is a post-apocalyptic one because by the time the story began, our civilization as we know it has already ended. Symbols â€Å"We† Light/electricity Unchanted forest Allusions Science is an allusion because when Equality 7-2521 was doing science experiments, like melting metal, mixing acids, and cutting up bodies of animals, he was becoming a scientist. Government is an allusion because when Unanimity 2-9913 was explaining that†¦show more content†¦In a society like that, no one is respected and everyone is treated like they don t have a significance to be alive. Everyone must act and think the same because the corrupt society believes that in a group a single person does not matter. In our society we let each other shine by our differences and by that we grow stronger. When everyone is the same, a group will never get stronger or weaker. â€Å"We are nothing. Mankind is all. By the grace of our brothers are we allowed our lives. We exist through, by and for our brothers who are the State† (1.16). In this quote not a single person means anything but that they are part of mankind. The only people with any rights of their own is the government. Just like in our society the government controls what happening but at least in our society we have a say in what the government should and should not do. The characters in Anthem are nothing but mindless bodies that are controlled by the society. Also the people in Anthem are disposable so what s the point in making them unique if they don t matter at all. Society and class Dare not choose in your minds the work you would like to do when you leave the Home of the Students. You shall do that which the Council of Vocations shall prescribe for you (Rand 22). The society is very controlling but also takes the will away from the people. Everyone in the society thinks that the society knows all, but really the society controls all. The characters inShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm By George Orwell1470 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Farm As Lord Acton once said, â€Å"Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. During the beginning of the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, Old Major, the prize Middle White boar describes the oppression that the animals on Manor Farm have experienced. Old Major goes to foreshadow that a day will come when the animals will overthrow their human masters and build an equitable society. That day does in fact come and the animals cause their previous master, Jones, to flee the farmRead MoreGeorge Orwell Research Paper2355 Words   |  10 PagesGeorge Orwell: The Prophesier George Orwell once said, â€Å"freedom is the right to tell people what they do not want to hear†, that, essentially, â€Å"speaking the truth in times of universal deceit is a revolutionary act†. (â€Å"George Orwell†) Orwell’s words reveal his political views in the absolute truest form. His uninhibited writing style forced readers to not only to listen what he had to say, but to also recognize his writing as the truth. Although his veracity was supposed to be accepted withoutRead MoreAnimal Farm/V for Vendetta2476 Words   |  10 Pagesproduced. Major ground shaking events have the power to transform paradigms of individuals and whole societies, and in turn morph and influence the themes a text created in the same time period implores. Warner Brothers 2005 film V for Vendetta and George Orwells 1945 novelette Animal Farm both deal with concepts present in the political climates of their times and the problems associated with them; the cost of apathy t owards injustice, propaganda and its influence, and the crippling aspect of fearRead MoreHow English Literature Affects the Monarchy2997 Words   |  12 PagesI). In 1586, James and Elizabeth I became allies under the Treaty of Berwick. Then in 1603, â€Å"Elizabeth died and James became king of England and Ireland in a remarkably smooth transition of power† (James I and VI (1566 - 1625)). In his early years, George Buchanan who was a notable tutor, poet, dramatist and humanist, taught James. He helped him â€Å"developed a genuine love of learning†¦, some skill in writing poetry, and a lively prose style. He also showed an interest in plays, including those of Shakespeare

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Consumer awareness in stock markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1642 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Report On Internship Undertaken At Royal Technosoft Pvt ltd Aziz Ahmed Kagzi Dhirubhai Ambani Institute Of Information And Communication Technology, Gandhinagar Supervisor Prof. P.M. Jat On Site Supervisor Mr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Consumer awareness in stock markets" essay for you Create order Tejas Shah Royal Technosoft Pvt ltd, 2nd floor, Surbhi Complex, c.g road, Opposite municipal market, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Abstract This document gives an insight into the project that was given to me as a part of my internship and training period. This document includes maintain and cope up with the growing competition from the various online trading providers, company needs to find potential clients, also the new investors and satisfy their needs. The project also helps in understanding the trend of the scripts of the particular sector (banking sector) in different market condition. All these steps help me to understand how to cope up with different types of people and their diversified need and satisfaction level. INTRODUCTION Stock trading has evolved tremendously. Since the very first Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the 13th century, owning shares of a company has been a very attractive incentive. Most of the recent advancements with the trading have been due to the Internet. The Internet has allowed online trading. In contrast to the past where only those who could afford the expensive stock brokers, anyone who wishes to be active in the stock market can now do so at a very low cost per transaction. Trading can even be done through Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) use of mobile devices such as hand computers and cellular phones. The stock market has grown so that some argue that it represents a countrys economy. This growth has been enjoyed largely to the credibility and reputation that the stock market has earned. PURPOSE There is growing competition between brokerage firms in post reform India. For investor it is always difficult to decide which brokerage firm to choose. Since this industry is growing having growth rate that attract me for doing in this field that I can gather more and more knowledge about the share market. It was the great experience in that field. Research was carried out to find that which brokerage house, people prefer and to figure out what people want while investing in stock market. This study suggests that people are reluctant while investing in stock and commodity market due to lack of knowledge. Main purpose of investment is returns and liquidity, commodity market is less preferred by investors due to lack of awareness. The major findings of this study are that the people are interested to invest in stock market but they have lack of knowledge. Through this report we were also able to understand, what are our Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strong and weak points, on the basis of which we come to know what can be the basis of pitching to a potential client. SCOPE I would like to tell that now a day on line trading is a booming field for investor because they can generate more returns as compared to other fields. I got experience regarding on line trading when I went to market for survey because I met no of person for knowing awareness of on line trading, Dmat account, and comparative analysis between different stock brokers. This project will help for those who do not have the knowledge about the trading and services offered by the different broker company. It will also help for the people who are interested in the trading and in share market. This will also helpful for the company because it is containing the cooperative analysis of the different broker company, it also contains the strong and weak points of company. By that way they can remove their weaknesses and can add more and more costumers in their series because people are facing a lot of problem regarding online trading. Hence this project has multidimensional scope OBJECTIVE To know about the awareness of the consumers towards stock brokers and share market. To study the market share of company in the Share market and identify the areas of competitive advantage over other players. To study about consumer awareness satisfaction, about operational Services procedures of company. To study about the difficulties faced by the clients/trades while trading with company. To identify the lacuna in the present system suggesting the measures improvement in current Trading system. To study about the on line terminal terms and Dmat account of company. DEMATERIALISATION Dematerialization is the process of converting physical shares (share certificates) into an electronic form. Shares once converted into dematerialized form are held in a Demat account. Dematerialization Process An investor having securities in physical form must get them dematerialized, if he intends to sell them. This requires the investor to fill a Demat Request Form (DRF) which is available with every DP and submit the same along with the physical certificates. Every security has an ISIN (International Securities Identification Number). If there is more than one security than the equal number of DRFs has to be filled in. The whole process goes on in the following manner: ii.Rematerialisation The process of getting the securities in an electronic form, converted back into the physical form is known as Rematerialisation. An investor can rematerialize his shares by filling in a Remat Request Form (RRF). The whole process goes on as follows: TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES USED 1. Calculate Index Index value = ÃŽÂ £(market cap of securities)/index divisor 2. Investor Terminal (IT) Investor Terminal is equity trading terminal for low volume trader. This is web based terminal and could access from anywhere. This product provides limited features in comparison of Trader Terminal, which is another product provided by 5Paisa. Trader Terminal (TT) Few popular features of trader terminal are: Fast trade execution with instant trade confirmation. Live streaming quotes and price watch on any number of stocks. Intra day charts, updated live, tick-by-tick. Live margin, position, marked to market profit loss report. Set any number of price alerts on any number of scrips. Flexibility to customize screen layout and setting. Facility to customize any number of portfolios watch lists. Facility to cancel all pending orders at one click. Facility to square off all transactions at one click. Top Gainers, Top Losers, Most Active, updated live. Index information; index chart, index stock information live. Market depth, i.e. Best 5 bids and offers, updated live for all stocks. Online access to both accounts and DP to check live updated Order and Trade Book. Facility to place after market orders. Online fund transfer facility from leading Banks including ICICI, HDFC, CITI and UTI banks. Online intra-day technical calls. Historical charts and technical analysis tools. LIMITATIONS The various Limitations are: Lack of awareness of Stock market:- Since the area is not known before it takes lot of time in convincing people to start investing in shares primarily in (Initial Public Offerings)IPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Mostly people comfortable with traditional brokers:- As people are doing trading from their respective brokers , they are quite comfortable to trade via phone. Lack of Techno Savy people and poor internet penetration:- Since most of the people are quite experienced. They are not techno. savy and also internet penetration is poor in India. Some respondents are unwilling to talk:- Some respondents either do not have time or willing does not respond as they are quite annoyed with the phone call. Inaccurate Leads : Sometimes leads are provided which had error in it which varies from only 5 digit phone number to wrong phone number. Misleading concepts:- Some people think that Shares are too risky and just another name of gamble but they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know its not at all that risky for long investors. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the study it is found that company has better services Provider than the other stockbrokers because of their timely research and Personalized advice on what stocks to buy and sell. Company provides the facility on line trading as well as relationship manager facility for encouragement and protects the interest of the investors. It also provides the information through the internet and mobile alerts that what IPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are coming in the market and it also provides its research on the future prospect of the IPO. Study also concludes that people are not much aware of commodity market and while ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s going to be biggest market in India. The company should also organize seminars and similar activities to enhance the knowledge of prospective and existing customers, so that they feel more comfortable while investing in the stock market. The awareness of equity market is not up to marks among the people for which people is not attracting in t his market. But the future is bright of the equity market in the coming future .If we do more and more activities regarding equity market and mutual funds then we can add more and more customers for company. ACKNOWLEDGMENT It gives me great pleasure to present the project report entitled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Online trading of sharesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Preservation, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in the success of any venture. In the present world of competition and success, training is like a bridge between theoretical and practical working; willingly I prepared this particular Project. I would like to thank my onsite mentor Mr. Tejas Shah and Royal Technosoft for constantly guiding, motivating and encouraging me. I also thank my project Guide for giving me their valuable inputs for the project. Last but definitely not the least my gratitude goes to Prof. P M Jat (Project Coordinator, M.Sc.IT-2015) and Prof. Maitrayee Mukerji (Project Coordinator, M.Sc.IT-2015) for their valuable support for traineeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s professional. REFERENCES HTTP://WWW.CAPITALINE.COM HTTP://WWW.SHAREKHAN LTD.COM . HTTP://WWW.HDFCSECURITY.COM HTTP://WWW.KARVY.COM WWW.CDSL.COM HTTP://WWW.BSEINDIA.COM HTTP://WWW.INDIAINFOLINE.COM/ WWW.INDIABULLS.COM WWW.SCRIBD.COM

Nobody Understands Terrorism Better Than The Citizens Of...

Nobody understands terrorism better than the citizens of Pakistan do. It’s been plaguing us since the soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and Pakistan’s significant role in it, and more so, after the 9/11 fiasco that we won’t ever live down, it would seem. While terrorism happens to be a global issue, Pakistan has had to bear the brunt of it a lot of the times. A quick research on this topic will invariably bring about the same results, papers, thoughts, etc. those being; the last decade or two has seen a rise in the instability, insecurity and political violence in Pakistan, thanks to it being the frontline state in the global war on terror. Owing to this, there is no dearth of people with the opinion that Pakistan suffers from an†¦show more content†¦It’s a universally accepted fact that education is the cornerstone of development, progress and all that sought after stuff. Unfortunately, we are slightly preoccupied; fighting the war on terror, and paying a huge price for it. Stats on the casualties we’ve incurred would agree; according the Institute of strategic studies; in terms of human losses more than 52,000 people, including civilians, personnel of law enforcement agencies, and troops have been killed in terrorist attacks from 2002-2013. Since the education sector is being focused on, an incident of terrorism that really put us on the global pedestal was that of Malala Yousafzai - the very recently youngest ever Nobel peace prize winner - getting shot at by a Taliban gunman. And in this case – sadly - the showbiz adage, ‘there is no such thing as bad publicity’ really didn’t apply †¦ While it’s not the absolute truth that the education sector of Pakistan has terrorism only to blame for the debilitating condition it is in in some areas, it is safe to assume that terrorism did lend a very generous hand in not letting education become the government or the masses first priority, and threatening to bomb educational institutions and following through with the threats every now and then probably didn’t help matters much. Searching for information pertaining to education and terrorism shows that it is areas like FATA and Swat that have been afflicted with the terrorism epidemic the most. The

Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay Free Essays

string(189) " enabling downloading application plans by public package platform engineering, multimode wireless entree platform engineering, and high quality media coding engineering over nomadic webs\." The room access to the presents wireless communicating systems was opened by Guglielmo Marconi when he transmitted the three-dot Morse codification for alphabet ‘ S ‘ by the usage of electromagnetic moving ridges over a 3-KM nexus in 1895. This laid the foundation of modern communicating systems runing from broadcast medium, satellite transmittal and wireless finally come oning to presents cell phones. It would n’t be incorrect to state that wireless communicating has so revolutionized our present society A sudden addition has been observed in the enlargement of wireless systems during the last two decennaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We have seen great development in Wireless communicating systems from 1G narrowband parallel systems in the 1980s to the 2G narrowband digital systems in the 1990s. Now the bing 3G broadband multimedia systems are being deployed. In the interim, research and advancement in the future-generation wideband multimedia wireless systems is smartly being pursued worldwide. To link nomadic users to the populace switched web the United States introduced foremost radiotelephone service by the terminal of the fortiess. Improved Mobile Telephone Service was launched by Bell Systems in 1960s due to which tonss of betterments like direct dialing and addition in bandwidth took topographic point. IMTS formed the bases of the first parallel cellular systems. The term cellular was used due to the fact that coverage countries were disconnected cells, they had a low power sender and receiving system. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Figure 1. Block diagram of a general communicating system. ANALOG vs. DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Definition of Digital A method of hive awaying, processing and conveying information through the usage of distinguishable electronic or optical pulsations that represent the binary figures 0 and 1. Advantages of Digital low-cost dependable Easy to pull strings Flexible Compatible with other digital systems The information in digital signifier can merely be transmitted without any debasement through a noisy channel Incorporated webs Disadvantages of Digital Sampling Mistake As compared to analogue, larger bandwidth is required in digital communications for the transmittal of the same information. Synchronism in the communications system is required to acknowledge the digital signals, but this is non the instance with linear systems. Definition of Analogue Analogue is a transmittal criterion that uses electrical urges to emulate the audio wave form of sound. When you use a phone, the fluctuations in your voice are transformed by a mike into similar fluctuations in an electrical signal and carried down the line to the exchange. Advantages of Analogue less bandwidth is required More Accurate Disadvantages of Analogue Signal loss and deformation can be seen due to the effects of random noise which is impossible to retrieve GENERATIONS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS The construct of cellular telephone was introduced in AMPS, abruptly for Advanced Mobile Phone Systems. AMPS divided the entire country into little parts called cells and this was from where the construct of cellular telephone started. Cellular Systems had many advantages such as they increased quality, capacity, dependability and handiness of nomadic telephone web. The coevalss of cellular systems are described below. FIRST GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS First coevals cellular telephone systems were introduced in 1980 ‘s. They were based on Analog Frequency Modulation technique. Each channel was assigned a exclusive frequence. First coevals cellular systems offered merely wireless voice services based on parallel engineering. Digital signals were merely used for control information such as dialing a figure etc. These systems were no able to get by with the increasing demands of users besides they had really less capacity and provided hapless voice quality. Some first coevalss systems are Advanced Mobile Telephone System, AMPS NAMPS, AMPS Entire Access Cellular System ( TACS ) Nordic Mobile Telephone System ( NMT-900 ) Second GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS Second Generation Cellular Systems provided larger capacity and provided much better services to users compared to first coevals systems. They were based upon Digital Modulation technique which led to great sweetening in web ‘s capacity. Second Generation Systems used multiple entree techniques such as TDMA and FDMA. The biggest draw back of Second Generation Systems was that its different systems were non compatible with each other. Therefore rolling between different systems was non possible. Some of Second Generation Systems are North American Digital Cellular, NADC Global System for Mobile Communication, GSM Pacific Digital Cellular, PDC CDMAONE, IS-95 CDMA In order to get the better of Second Generation compatibility job with increased information rates of modern cyberspace applications, 2.5 Coevals criterions were developed. The best thing about them was that they allowed already bing Second Generation systems to be upgraded so that they can be used for higher information rate transmittal. 2.5 Generation brought a new revolution in cellular telephone by back uping services like high velocity cyberspace and location based nomadic services. Some of 2.5 Generation Mobile Systems are General Packet Radio Service, GPRS Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution, EDGE Third GENERTAION CELLULAR SYSTEMS Designed to supply high quality and high capacity in informations communicating, Third Generation Systems require sophisticated spreading and transition techniques. Third Generation Systems are aimed to supply voice quality comparable to set down line telephone and besides to back up high informations rate. These systems are compatible with circuit switched every bit good as package switched informations services. They are besides compatible with the bing webs and usage wireless spectrum much more expeditiously than earlier. Some Third Generation Systems are Wideband CDMA, WCDMA Universal Mobile Telephone System, UMTS CDMA 2000 BEYOND 3G The extremely developed version of the 3G nomadic communicating are the 4G nomadic communicating services. It is estimated that 4G nomadic communicating services will give addition in capacity, informations transmittal with high velocity, broadband, HQ colour picture images for users, in writing life games in 3D, sound services in 5.1 channels. For the system and architecture of 4G nomadic communicating many researches are done. Developments are made in the terminal protocol engineering for high velocity package services, larger capacity, enabling downloading application plans by public package platform engineering, multimode wireless entree platform engineering, and high quality media coding engineering over nomadic webs. You read "Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay" in category "Essay examples" Why 4G? Servicess like wireless cyberspace and teleconference can be carried by 4G. Global mobility and service portability. Wider bandwidths. Increased spot rates. Less expensive. Mobile webs can easy be scaled. Chapter # 02 Multiplexing is a procedure in which a individual bearer is used to convey several different signals. These several signals are transmitted all together by uniting them and organizing one signal that will efficaciously travel through the bearer bandwidth. When one transmittal is done and the signal reaches the finish point, the incorporate signal re-assembles into its existent signifier and is so received. Multiplexing is one of the most used techniques today in about every communicating system. Because of the technological progress multiplexing, we have seen major addition in efficiency of a broad scope of telephone services and on-line applications. Multiplexing has become an effectual technique that assists in everything from video conferences and web conferences up to bulk informations transmittals and even doing a simple Point-to-Point phone call. FDMA: FDMA is the most usual technique used for multiple accessing. FDMA stands for frequence division multiple entree. It is clear from its name that in this technique the frequence is divided among the users as the available spectrum is shared among them in the frequence sphere. The message signals are transmitted onto bearers for different users utilizing peculiar RF frequences. Within FDMA structural design the Single Channel Per Carrier ( SPSC ) is the simplest method where each channel is provided with a separate bearer. This scheme finds its kernel in the fact that the channels are assigned on the footing of demand. Within a cell all the channels are available to all users all the clip, and the channels are assigned as soons as a message signal is received or a petition is made. Guard sets are used to cut down the opportunities of intervention from next channels. These guard sets are present between the sets allocated for assorted channels. In the execution of the first parallel cellular systems, FDMA is the multiplexing technique that was used. TDMA: Time division multiple entree techniques allots different clip intervals to different users for the transmittal of signals and storage of the information is carried out in one frequence channel non like FDMA which uses one frequence per channel. Users are allowed to utilize the same frequence but the clip slots are divided. In TDMA techniques the available spectrum is divided into little frequence sets as in FDMA, which are farther sub-divided into assorted clip slots. The user can entree the frequence channel merely for clip slot allotted to him. User can utilize sporadically the peculiar continuance of clip. In TDMA systems, guard sets are required between both frequence channels and clip slots. SDMA: SDMA stands for Space-Division Multiple Access. It is a MIMO ( Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output, a multiple aerial conventional architecture ) based radio communicating web architecture. It enables entree to a communicating channel by the procedure of placing the user location and set uping a one-on-one function between the web bandwidth allocation and the acknowledged spacial location that is why it ‘s largely suited for nomadic ad-hoc webs. For bulk of the well known nomadic communicating architectures such as CDMA, TDMA and FDMA, SDMA architecture can be configured and implemented CDMA: CDMA stands for Code division multiple entree. CDMA systems are based on the spread spectrum technique. In which transmittals by all the users are carried out at the same time while operating at the same frequence and utilizing the full spectrum bandwidth. For the designation and extraction of needed transmittal, each user is allotted with a alone codification which can non fit with any other user. This issue of designation is due to the fact that all the users transmit at the same time. To guarantee this privateness, pseudo-random noise codifications or PN codifications are used. These codifications are really the extraneous codifications and its advantage is that it reduces the opportunities of transverse correlativity among themselves. By utilizing this PN codification assigned to the specific user, transition of the message signal from an single user is done. Then we have the CDMA frequence channel through which all the modulated signals from different users are transmitted. At the receiving system ‘s terminal, the coveted signal is so recovered by de-spreading the signal with a reproduction of the PN codification for the specific user. The signals whose PN codifications are non matched with the coveted signal and are assigned to different users are non de-spread and as a consequence are regarded as noise by the receiving system. CDMA differs from both TDMA and FDMA in a manner that it allows users to convey the signal at the same clip and operate at the same nominal frequence so it requires less synchronization whereas in TDMA and FDMA frequence and clip direction is really critical so more dynamic synchronism is required. One more advantage of CDMA is that complete system ‘s spectrum is used by signals and hence no guard sets are required to protect against next channel intervention. Intro to Spread Spectrum Communications Following are the major elements that can clearly depict the Spread Spectrum communications: By spread spectrum, bandwidth far in surplus is available than that is necessary to direct the information. Due to this characteristic the transmittal can be protected against intervention and jamming at the same clip supplying multiple entree capableness. An independent codification known as the Pseudo random codification is used for signal spreading across the bandwidth. The distinguishable nature of this codification separates dispersed spectrum communications from typical transition techniques in which transition ever spread ‘s the spectrum slightly. For the recovery of the original signal the receiving system is synchronized to the deterministic imposter random codification. Users can convey the signal at the same clip and operate at the same nominal frequence by utilizing independent codification and synchronal response. In order to protect the signal from intervention a pseudo-random codification is used. It appears to be random to anyone who does non hold its pre-defined cognition but in world is deterministic, it is because of this fact that receiving system is able to retrace the codification needed for the recovery of the needed informations signal. This codification used for synchronal sensing is besides called Pseudo noise sequence. Types of Spread Spectrum Communications Spreading of bandwidth of the signal can be achieved by three ways: Frequency skiping The signal is shuffled between different Centre frequences within the full bandwidth available to the hopper pseudo-randomly, and the receiving system used already knows where to look for the signal at a given clip. Time skiping The signal is transmitted in short explosions pseudo-randomly, and the receiving system knows when a explosion is expected. Direct sequence Very high frequence is used to code the digital information. The codification is pseudo-randomly generated. The same codification is generated at the receiver terminal, and in order to pull out the original information this codification is multiplied to the received information watercourse. Beginning Cryptography AND DIGITAL MODULATION 3.0 Introduction Digital Modulation is performed in order to stand for digital informations in a format that is compatible with our communicating channel. Why Digital Modulation? Digital transition strategies have greater capacity to convey big sums of information than parallel transition strategies. 3.1 DIGITAL DATA, DIGIITAL SIGNAL Digital signal is binary informations encoded into signal elements. Different encoding strategies for encoding digital informations into digital signal are: 3.1.1 Non Return to Zero ( NRZ ) In NRZ there are two different electromotive force degrees for 0 and 1. There is no passage in the center of the spot. The absence of signal denotes 0 and a positive electromotive force degree denotes 1. The major drawback of NRZ strategy is that it adds a dc constituent to the signal. 3.1.2 Multilevel Binary ( AMI ) In this encoding strategy there are more than two degrees. No signal represents 0 and 1 is represented by some positive and negative There is no dc constituent in this strategy and besides there is no loss of synchronism for back-to-back 1 ‘s. 3.1.3 Manchester Coding There is passage in center of each spot, which acts as a clock every bit good as informations. The low to high passage represents 1 and high to low represents 0. 3.1.4 Differential Manchester In this scheme passage at the center of the spot represents merely timing while passage at start represents 0 and no passage at start represents 1. 3.2 ANALOG DATA, DIGITAL SIGNAL Analog informations is foremost converted into digital informations by utilizing parallel to digital convertors. These convertors use different techniques to finish their undertaking, some of them are: 3.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation If a signal is sampled at regular intervals at a rate higher than twice the highest signal frequence, the samples contain all the information of the original signal. Each sample is assigned a digital value. Although its quality is comparable to that of parallel transmittal but still in this procedure some information is lost and the original signal can ne’er be recovered. Delta Modulation Analog input is approximated by a stairway map. Function moves up or down at each sample interval by one degree ( vitamin D ) . Delta transition is easier than PCM in execution, but it exhibits worse signal to resound ratio for the same information rate. But it is good for informations compaction. DIGITAL DATA, ANALOG SIGNAL Different digital transition techniques are: Amplitude Shift Keying ( ASK ) A transition technique in which digital information is represented as fluctuations in the amplitude of a bearer moving ridge is called Amplitude-shift keying ( ASK ) . One binary figure is represented by presence of bearer, at changeless amplitude and the other binary figure represented by absence of bearer. 3.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying ( FSK ) In frequence displacement identifying different frequences are used to stand for incoming digital information. Say in instance of Binary Frequency Shift Keying f1 is used to stand for 0 while f2 is used to stand for 1. In MFSK more than two frequences are used and therefore bandwidth is more expeditiously utilised. 3.3.3 Phase Shift Keying ( PSK ) A digital transition technique in which information is transmitted by modulating and altering the stage of the mention signal is called Phase-shift keying ( PSK ) . In instance of PSK, a finite figure of stages are used. A alone form of binary spots is assigned to each of these stages. By and large, each stage encodes an equal figure of spots. The symbol is formed by each form of spots that is represented by the peculiar stage. The bandwidth of ASK and PSK are specified as: Whereas the bandwidth of FSK is given as: Where, Roentgen is the spot rate DF = f2 – fc = fc – f1 Chapter # 04 CHANNEL Cryptography 4.0 Introduction Why Channel Cryptography? In modern digital communicating systems information is represented in spot watercourses, which are so modulated to analog wave forms before being transmitted onto a channel. At receiving system this parallel information is demodulated into spot streams, but because of the presence of intervention and noise in the communicating channel this spot watercourse may be corrupted. So to minimise happening of spots in mistake and protect digital information from channel noise and intervention channel cryptography is used. How Channel Coding is performed? Additional redundant spots are added to the message informations watercourse to execute channel cryptography, these excess spots assist in mistake sensing and rectification at the receiving system ‘s terminal. Channel Coding at the cost of? Channel Coding is performed at the cost of bandwidth enlargement and information rate decrease. 4.1 TYPES OF CHANNEL CODING TECHNIQUES There are two chief types of channel coding techniques, Block Codes Convolutional Codes. Block Codes accepts thousand figure of information spots and bring forth a block of n figure of encoded spots, and therefore are normally known as ( n.k ) block codifications. Some common illustrations of block codifications are Overacting Codes and Reed Solomon Codes. Convolutional Coding is frontward error rectification technique that is presently most widely used in modern communicating systems, this peculiar technique is used for real-time mistake rectification. Unlike block codifications which append excess spots at the terminal of original message signal, Convolutional coding organize a new codeword utilizing original informations watercourse. The encoded spots are non entirely dependent on K current input spots but at the same clip on case in point input spots. 4.2 CONVOLUTIONAL CODES In this undertaking Convolutional Coding is implemented. Convolutional Codes are farther classified as 1. Trellis Coded Modulation ( TCM ) 2.Turbo Codes. Trellis Coded Modulation ( TCM ) is non recursive, non systematic and does non necessitate an interleaver. Turbo Codes on the other manus are recursive, systematic, parallel structured and they besides require interleaver. In Wideband CDMA systems TCM is used for all channels while Turbo Codes may be used for DCH and FACH channels. Turbo Codes are sometimes classified as separate subdivision of Channel Codes so from here onwards word Convolutional Code will merely be used for TCM. Types of Transmission Channels Convolutional Cryptography 1/2 BCH PCH DCH, FACH 1/2, 1/3 Turbo Coding 1/3 4.3 CONVOLUTIONAL CODE REPRESENTATIONS 4.3.1 Polynomial Representation No. of input information spots = K No. of encoded spots = Ns No. of phases ( Constraint Length ) = K Code Rate = k/n Encoded CodeWord = U The undermentioned illustration shows how Convolutional Codes are represented. Let g1 ( x ) and g2 ( ten ) be encoder multinomials, where g1 ( x ) = 1 + x + x2 g2 ( x ) = 1 + x2 Let input message spot stream be 101, hence input message spot stream multinomial will be, m ( x ) = 1 + x2 The encoded codeword ‘U ‘ will be combination of merchandise of g1 ( x ) with m ( x ) and g2 ( x ) with m ( x ) , m ( x ) x g1 ( x ) = 1 + 1.x + 0.x2 + 1.x3 + 1.x4 m ( x ) x g2 ( x ) = 1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3 + 1.x4 Therefore the codeword ‘U ‘ , becomes U = ( 1,1 ) + ( 1,0 ) .x + ( 0,0 ) .x2 + ( 1,0 ) .x3 + ( 1,1 ) .x4 U = 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4.3.2 State Transition Diagram Convolutional Coding can be represented utilizing State Transition Diagram. Following are State Transition Diagram and State Transition Again for the same input spot stream 10100, the codeword U = 11 10 00 10 11. In the input message last two ’00 ‘ spots are tail spots. 4.3.2 Block Diagram Representation The undermentioned diagram shows block diagram representation of Convolutional Coding with Code Rate = 1/2 Constraint Length ( No. of Stages ) = 3 The undermentioned illustration illustrates the procedure of Convolutional Coding utilizing block diagram representation for input spot stream 101. So the concluding codeword becomes, U = 11 10 00 10 11 4.3.2 Trellis Diagram Representation For input spot stream 101, the following diagram shows how Convolutional Coding is performed utilizing Trellis Diagram Chapter # 05 PULSE SHAPING TECHNIQUES 3.0 Introduction Why Pulse Determining? It is done in order to cut down Inter Symbol Interference normally known as ISI. How Pulse Shaping is performed? In order to accomplish zero-ISI the overall system response must be equal to Nyquist frequence response. 5.1 RAISED COSINE FILTER Inter Symbol Interference significantly degrades the informations sensor ability to distinguish between a current symbol from diffused energy of next symbol. This leads to the sensing of mistake and increases BER. So in order to provide ISI, a real-time realisation of Nyquist filter is applied in modern communicating systems. Raised cosine filter is one of the realisation of Nyquist filter. where R = ‘roll-off factor ‘ = 1 ? R ? 0 and T = ‘symbol period ‘ = 1/R Roll-off factor determines the filter bandwidth and represents a tradeoff between the acuteness of the passage set of the filter and impulse response pealing magnitude of the filter. A Nyquist filter has following belongingss: Time response finally goes to zero in a clip period precisely equal to the symbol spacing. By trying the symbol sequence at a given symbol clip point, present symbol is non affected by the energy distributing from the next symbols. The impulse response and the frequence response of the RC filter is Time response of the RC filter goes to zero with a period that precisely equal to the symbol spacing. As the response equals zero at all symbol times except for the coveted one none of the next symbols interfere with each other. 5.2 ROOT RAISED COSINE FILTER RC filter is divided into a root raised cosine ( RRC ) filter brace, with one at the transmitter terminal, which performs the pulsation defining in order to restrain the modulated signal bandwidth, and the other at the receiver terminal, that performs matched sensing for optimising the SNR of a known signal in AWGN presence. The Root Raised Cosine filter is so named because its transportation map precisely is the square root of the transportation map of the Raised Cosine filter. Where R = roll off factor and T is symbol period. The RRC filter bandwidth is equal to the root mean square ( RMS ) amplitude 2R. The impulse response and the frequence response of the RRC filter is Both RC and RRC have similar pulsation forms, but the RRC pulsation makes somewhat faster passages, therefore the spectrum of RRC pulsation decays more quickly every bit compared to the RC pulsation. Another of import difference between both pulsations is that the RRC pulsation does non hold zero Inter Symbol Interference. Because of the fact that RRC filter is used at sender and receiver both, the merchandise of these transportation maps is a raised cosine, which will ensue in zero ISI end product. 5.3 ROLL OFF FACTOR The roll-off factor, R, is a step of the extra bandwidth of the filter, i.e. the bandwidth occupied beyond the Nyquist bandwidth of 1/2T. Where a?† f is extra bandwidth and Rs is symbol rate. Chapter # 06 SPREAD SPECTRUM Spread spectrum is a type of transition where the information is spread across the full frequence spectrum. This procedure of distributing the information across the full spectrum helps signal against noise and intervention. These techniques are largely employed in cell phones and besides with wireless LAN ‘s. To measure up as a spread spectrum signal, two standards must be met The familial signal bandwidth must be in surplus of the information bandwidth. Some map other than the informations being transmitted is used to set up the bandwidth of the attendant transmittal. Why Spread Spectrum? Due to its sole and curious belongingss spread spectrum is preferred over other transition strategies. Some of these belongingss are characterized as advantages and disadvantages of a basic spread spectrum system below. Advantages †¢ It reduces the effects of multipath intervention and at times removes them wholly. †¢ Frequency set is shared at the same time with other users. †¢ Pseudo random codifications guarantee protection of transmittal and privateness. †¢ As the signal is spread over an full spectrum it has a low power spectral denseness. Disadvantages †¢ Due to distributing operation it consumes more bandwidth. †¢ It is at times hard to implement. Types of Spread Spectrum Techniques Most normally used techniques in a spread spectrum systems are Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum A frequence skiping dispersed spectrum hops from one narrow set to another all within a wider set. In general the frequence hopper sender sends informations packages at one bearer frequence and so leaps to another bearer frequence before directing ore packages and continues the same modus operandi throughout the period of transmittal. The form that emerges seems to be random but is in fact periodic and easy traceable by pre configured sender and receiving system. These systems can be vulnerable to resound at a peculiar hop but normally are able to direct packages during the following hop. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Most widely used technique of spread spectrum is the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. A Direct Sequence Transmitter receives the entrance informations watercourse which is to be transmitted and so change over it into a symbol watercourse where the size of a symbol can be one or more spots. Using any of the transition strategies for digital systems such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ( QAM ) or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying ( QPSK ) this symbol watercourse is multiplied to a noise like sequence known as imposter random sequence. It is besides know as a bit sequence. As a consequence of this generation the bandwidth of the transmittal is significantly increased. Figure 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System Figure 3. shows the working of a basic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For lucidity intents, one channel is shown working in one way merely. Transmission For each channel a distinguishable and different Pseudo random codification is generated. In order to distribute the informations the information watercourse is multiplied with the antecedently generated Pseudo random codification. The signal obtained as a consequence of this generation is so modulated onto a bearer. This modulated bearer wave form is so amplified before broadcast medium. Reception The bearer moving ridge is amplified every bit shortly as it is received by the receiving system. The signal received is so multiplied with a locally generated bearer which gives the spreaded signal. Again a Pseudo random codification is generated on the footing of the signal expected. The procedure of correlativity is carried out on the standard signal and the generated codification which gives the original message signal. Pseudo-Random Noise The spread spectrum systems are constructed really similar to other conventional systems. The difference being the add-on of pseudo random generators both at the sender and the receiving system which generate the Pseudo noise sequences required for the functionality of Direct Sequence spread spectrum. These pseudo random noise sequences are used for distributing the signal at the transmitter side and dispreading at the receiver side. A pseudo noise sequence is made up of a figure of symbols which are called french friess. It is imperative that a good codification is selected for its type and length straight affects the system capableness. A alone codification is generated for each channel. All the transmittals for a peculiar user are so added together. At the receiving system each user generates its ain matching codification in order to retrieve the original signals. In order to measure up as a imposter random codification and proper functionality a codification must hold the undermentioned belongingss. The imposter random codification must be deterministic so that the receiving system can bring forth the exact codification as used by the sender It should be random for any hearer who does non hold the cognition of the codification being used so that it appears as noise to any interferer or eavesdropper. Two codifications must be indistinguishable and have no or really little relevancy to each other. The codification should non reiterate shortly there must be a long clip before that happens. Maximal length sequences Maximal Length sequences can be generated by the aid of displacement registries with feedback applied on them. These sequences meet all the conditions for distributing sequences really purely. The cross correlativity between this sequence and noise is really low, which helps in observing signal out of noise in the receiving system. These sequences are really utile for encoding as they besides have a really low cross correlativity with each other. The entropy belongingss of maximum length sequences can be seen here. Gold Sequence In order to make two gold sequences, two maximal length sequences are to be combined. They have a really low auto-correlation which enables CDMA systems to convey asynchronously. Gold sequences are constructed by modulo-2 add-on of two maximum length sequences of same length chosen from braces of preferable m-sequences. Walsh Codes Walsh codifications have to be created from hadamard matrices. All generated Walsh codifications would be extraneous to each other. The basic hadamard matrix is shown below. These sequences provide low cross-correlation between each other. Second, the figure of 1 ‘s is same as the figure of 1 ‘s in each codeword. By looking at the matrix above, Walsh codes with different lengths can be generated with the aid of recursion. For a clear apprehension Walsh codes with length equal to 4 are illustrated below. = Spreading the Signal Signal spreading is achieved when the signal is multiplied bitwise with the imposter random sequence. Figure 4. Below gives an penetration into how two spots are multipliied to a pseudo random sequence holding a length of 8 and the its corresponding consequence on the frequence spectrum. Spreading procedure of two spots with the aid of an 8-chip PN sequence is shown on the left side and the consequence of this distributing on the signal ‘s frequence spectrum is shown on the right side of figure. 4 Figure 4. The rule of signal spreading De-spreading the Signal De-spreading of the signal is carried out by multiplying each spot of the signal to its correspond imposter random codification and the consequence is summed bitwise. Figure 5. describes the procedure of de-spreading when a imposter random signal of length 8 is used for transmittal and the de-spreaded signal is equal to the dispersed signal. De-spreading procedure of two spots with a PN sequence of 8-bit is shown on left side and the consequence of the de-spreading on the signal ‘s frequence spectrum is shown on the right. Figure 5. The rule of signal de-spreading Consequence of Spreading on Bandwidth Figure 1. As a consequence of distributing operation the signal ‘s frequence is spread over a wider bandwidth Spread spectrum transition is applied in tandem with some other digitial transition strategies such as QAM or QPSK. Consequence of Despreading on Bandwidth Figure 2. The despreading operation recovers the original signal. A spread spectrum transition is applied in coherency with a conventional demodulation process in order to retrieve the original signal. Multiple Access Capability The standard signal s1 is detected by the receiving system summed with the other signal s2. The signal s1 which is for user 1 is merely extracted at the receiving system for user 1 whereas the signal s2 appears to be as noise in comparing to the user 1 signal s1. This is shown in Figure 6. below For efficient recovery of the informations from user 1 it is must that the signal appearance as noise has adequately low energy in the information bandwidth of signal s1. Spreaded informations multi-users De-spreaded informations multi-users Spreaded informations multi-users De-spreaded informations multi-usersFigure 6. Multiple Access Capibility when user 1 recovers signal s1 Chapter # 07 DESIGN OF A CDMA BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 7.1 THE Sender 7.1.1 Source Encoding In order to do incoming message compatible with the communicating system beginning cryptography is used. In this undertaking NRZ encoding strategy is used so that the incoming message signal becomes compatible with the walsh codifications which are besides in NRZ signifier. NRZ encoding provides a better use of the bandwidth, besides if we compare it with AMI strategy it is more efficient because in that receiving system has to separate between three different degrees and it requires more signal power. While the Manchester and differential Manchester strategies have transition rate twice or more than that of NRZ so therefore they require greater bandwidth. 7.1.2 Channel Encoding Channel encryption is performed so that spot mistakes can be reduced at the receiving system ; besides it protects the information from channel noise and intervention. In this undertaking we have used Convolutional Encoding technique and so hold tried to upgrade our system utilizing Low Density Parity Check ( LDPC ) . LDPC improves channel capacity as it approaches to Shannon capacity bound. Both Convolutional encoder and LDPC encoder organize a codeword based on the incoming message signal. We have used ? rate encoders that means that we have two input spots and the end product is traveling to be four spots. For Convolutional encoder inbuilt matlab treillage construction along with convenc bid has been used while in instance of LDPC fecldpc.enc bid is used to do LDPC object utilizing thin H matrix and so message is encoded utilizing LDPC object by encode bid. 7.1.3 Spreading The cardinal standard of spreading is transverse correlativity and car correlativity of message symbols. In instance of a CDMA based communicating system as there are many users that at the same time transmit informations so the system must hold good cross correlativity belongingss. This generates the demand of extraneous codifications so Walsh codifications are used. Walsh codifications have good cross correlativity belongingss. In this undertaking direct sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) technique has been employed to distribute the signal across the full bandwidth. 7.1.4 Digital Transition Transition is a technique that facilitates the message signal to be transmitted over the medium. In instance of digital transition, digital signal is modulated utilizing amplitude displacement keying, frequence displacement keying and stage displacement identifying etc. We have implemented Binary PSK, BPSK uses two symbols that have opposite stage to each other to modulate 0 and 1.Sampling frequence of 44 kilohertzs and a information rate of 2 kilohertz has been used in this system. In instance of LDPC modulate bid has been used to modulate the signal. 7.1.5 Pulse Determining The consequence of inter symbol intervention ( ISI ) is minimized by the aid of pulse determining procedure. In this undertaking Root Raised Cosine Filter has been used at the transmitter side to determine the pulsation so as to restrict the bandwidth of the modulated signal. By utilizing this technique bandwidth is limited but the signal spreads in so there must be a threshold in order to counter this job, this threshold is known as Nyquist bound. It is fundamentally a low base on balls filter with a axial rotation off factor 0.5 which has been used in this undertaking. 7.1.6 Symbol Packing In symbol wadding, a preparation sequence is appended at the start and terminal of the signal. Besides in add-on to this about 1000 nothings are inserted at the terminal and start of the signal. These are added so that even if the receiving system fails to have initial spots these spots are extra nothings and non the message signal. 7.2 THE CHANNEL In a communicating system channel could be wired or wireless. Different channels have different features. When of all time we talk about a channel we talk about noise, it is fundamentally the unwanted electrical signal that confines the receiving system ability to take right determinations. Channel noise degrades the end product really rapidly. Small channel does n’t do much difference to the end product signal but big channel noise well degrades the signal. In instance of little channel noise the lone noise that is present in the system is quantization noise. Another of import factor in a communicating system is Inter symbol intervention ( ISI ) . When the channel bandwidth is non much greater than signal bandwidth the spreading of the signal causes ISI. Normally, the radio channel is modeled with AWGN channel. A thermic noise beginning is used to distribute an equal sum of noise power per unit bandwidth over all frequences that is the ground why a simple theoretical account for thermic noise presumes that its power spectral denseness Gn ( degree Fahrenheit ) is level for all frequences, as is denoted as: Gn ( degree Fahrenheit ) = N0/2 watts/hertz 7.3 THE Receiver 7.3.1 Synchronism In this system, it is assumed that the receiving system is on all the clip. Therefore whenever the sender will direct the message signal, there should be some manner through which the receiving system can find where its signal of involvement is. This can be done by correlating the preparation sequence with the standard signal. The portion where the maximal correlativity occurs would be the start of the signal and the 2nd upper limit in the correlativity would give the terminal of the message signal. 7.3.2 Matched Filtering The standard signal is passed through root raised cosine filter in order to execute matched filtering and down trying at the receiver terminal. Normally RC filter is divided into a root raised cosine ( RRC ) filter brace, with one at the transmitter terminal, which performs the pulsation defining in order to restrain the modulated signal bandwidth, and the other at the receiver terminal, that performs matched sensing for optimising SNR of a known signal in AWGN presence. 7.3.3 Demodulation The signal is demodulated by multiplying it by the bearer signal. The end product would be demodulated signal, but this demodulated signal would be sum of all the spreaded signals. 7.3.4 Despreading In order to pull out the single message signal of each user, the spreaded signal is so once more multiplied by the Walsh codification and is so integrated over a symbol clip. 7.3.5 Channel Decoding If the channel cryptography was non employed by the sender, so the despreaded messages would be the standard signals. In the channel coding instance, the signal will hold to be decoded by utilizing the viterbi decrypting map in matlab. 7.3.6 Source Decoding While executing beginning cryptography we had used NRZ encoding strategy, so now at the receiving system this encoded message is once more decoded back to its original signifier. How to cite Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay, Essay examples

Earth-Like Planets free essay sample

As a teenager, this event was tragic and amazing at the same time because I felt that we were on our way to discovering new planets, solar systems, and other life forms. This tragic event was the start of my interest in outer space. Fast forward to 2012, the science community has greatly advanced our technology since the mid-eighties. Today, we have computers in everything, all types of space probes orbiting the universe, and unbelievable amounts of knowledge about outer space and other planets, but yet, and still, no proof of life in outer space. Will we ever know? Will we ever meet aliens? Only time will tell and personally I think we will, soon! After searching for an interesting subject to cover for this paper, I have discovered a very interesting article on the U. S. News website titled â€Å"Earth-Like Planet Found in Nearest Star System†. According to the article scientist say they have discovered a planet that looks like earth orbiting a star that bears a resemblance to our sun. The planet is said to be about 25 trillion miles away, making it very difficult for a space probe to reach the planet using current technology. It is estimated to take about 40,000 years to reach this planet, even though it is in the next closest planetary system to ours. â€Å"The planet, dubbed Alpha Centauri Bb, orbits a star in the Alpha Centauri system, a clump of three stars that are closer to us than any others in the night sky. Its called Alpha Centauri Bb because the planet orbits the clumps second-closest star, Alpha Centauri B (Cline, 2012)†. The question here is does this planet really exist, being that it is so far away? The science community and other publications believe that it does. The articles give some clues that are questionable and not all researchers agree that the planet is there. However, there are those who are absolutely convince that it actually exist. â€Å"The exquisitely high-quality data required to find an Earth-like planet doesnt just happen by chance, UC Berkeley astronomer Geoff Marcy wrote in an email (Khan, 2012). The writer seems to be very interested in this subject, but he only presented a few sources to start with. The main source is the lead scientist along with ten other scientists, who first published the original paper detailing and describing the entire discovery at eso. org. The reasons to accept this is that the writer provides information in the article that quotes a well-known scientist named Xavier Dumusque, a scientist at Geneva Observatory and lead author of the paper that published the discovery. Plus, the recent findings of other earth like planets, the huge amount of evidence available and the shear advancement of our technology are all motives to continue our search. Use of a special instrument that detects signal variations attached to the European Southern Observatorys (ESO) telescope in La Silla, Chile (Cline S. , 2012), the excitement of the science community, and a special scientific technique called radial velocity (the velocity of an object in the direction of the line of sight) suggests this discovery is a major accomplishment. The writer also quoted Dumusque saying Its an extraordinary discovery and it has pushed our technique to the limit! † (Cline S. , 2012). What technique or techniques is the scientist referring to? What are our technical and technological limits at this point in time? Although we are able to send man to the moon, build an international space station, and send space probes deep into outer space, does not necessarily explain our technological abilities in detail. However, this information does suggest to the public that we are getting closer and closer to discovering other earth like planets. â€Å"We can’t be alone† The science community is getting very close to discovering earth-like planets and extraterrestrial life in outer space. This is considered a alued assumption among many researchers and astronomers. To date, they have actually discovered more than 800 of these exoplanets amongst the billions and billions of stars in our galaxy. The more planets found like HD40307g, the more they resemble earth with earth-like characteristics (the spinning on its axis, having a night and a day, and orbiting in the habitable zone). Astronomers are also finding them closer to our solar system. Another assumption of these findings are that humans are developing and advancing technology to communicate, navigate, and live in outer space in the near future. NASA said no candidate planet discovered thus far by Kepler is exactly like Earth, but noted that the spacecraft has collected enough data to begin finding true sun-Earth analogs—Earth-size planets with a one-year orbit around stars similar to the sun. (Poeter, 2012) According to space. com, private companies and NASA are working together to take the next step forward of launching humans into outer space. Entering the term space settlement, suggest that people can or will be living and working outside of earth, on the moon, mars, or in huge rotating orbital space settlements. The total energy resources of this solar system are about 2. 3 billion times the energy available on Earth. This is simply the Suns energy output and the Sun is an enormous nuclear fusion reactor that works perfectly right now, today, and is perfectly safe or at least isnt going away (Globus, 2007). The claim regarding the existence of earth-like planets, do not contain any fallacies or reasoning tricks. The researchers, scientists, and astronomers are providing honest, verifiable, and creditable evidence regarding this subject. Their approach to discover earth-like planets may be from the heart and they may be very diligent in the exploration of the universe. Most of those involved including journalists who report these findings are well educated, intelligent, and experienced in the science of space study. â€Å"The interesting thing is that if they threw out some of their data, they got more precise measurements,† Eric Ford, an astronomer at the University of Florida at Gainesville, said in an interview (Khan, 2012). The use of misconceptions or myths would damage and be detrimental to their careers, reputation, and progress. Delusional reporting will only distort previous evidence of other exoplanets in outer space and therefore would challenge all findings. The clear and obvious evidence is the universal agreement among the science community in regards to the technological advancements, development of new techniques, quality of data and the cooperation and collaborative efforts of them all. The productivity of 21st century devices used to explore space produce unimaginable audio, visual, and tangible information that was never before possible. For example, the International Space Station is near completion, the Hubble Telescope orbits at the edge of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the recent landing of a space probe on Mars, are great accomplishments towards this effort in discovering life outside of earth. This supports the progression in science and is clear evidence that supports information reported by researchers, journalists, and scientists. The finding (of HD40307g) has yet to be confirmed by other analysis or observations. Not everyone is convinced this particular planet exists (Khan, 2012). There are those who are critical of the discovery of exoplanets. Eventually this will lead to more studies, research, and input on behalf of the critics. Either way this will also add to the efforts of space science as a whole. The conclusion is the science community and research scientists have found earth-like planets and we humans are closer to finding extraterrestrial life in outer space. According to several websites in the astronomer’s community, an extra-solar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet outside our Solar System but still within our Milky Way galaxy. A total of 846 such planets (665 planetary systems, including 126 multiple planetary systems) have been identified as of November 8, 2012, all of them within the Milky Way galaxy (The extrasolar encyclopaedia, 2012). Scientists around the world are very excited about the discovery of these exoplanets, especially Alpha Centauri Bb. According to The Independent and the L. A. Times, a new earth like planet that could have a climate that supports life and water adds to the excitement. The new planet, HD40307g is said to be in a multi-world solar system about 42 light years from our sun and sits at the right distance from its sun to allow liquid water on its surface. â€Å"It orbits well within in the stars habitable or Goldilocks zone – the region where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold to sustain life (Hall, 2012). † With the discoveries of these planets and the rapid advancement of technology, discovering life in outer space appears to be believable and achievable. References 1. Cline, S. (2012, October 17). Earth-like planet found in nearest star system. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/news/articles/2012/10/17/earth-like-planet-found-in-nearest-star-system_print. html 2. The extrasolar encyclopaedia . (2012, November 8). Retrieved from http://exoplanet. eu/ 3. Khan, A. (2012, November 7). Possible earth-like planet could hold water; scientists cautious. Retrieved from http://articles. latimes. com/2012/nov/07/science/la-sci-sn-earthlike-planet-water-atmosphere-red-light-20121107 4. Hall, J. (2012, November 8). Revealed: New earth-like planet that could have a life-supporting climate and water. Retrieved from http://www. independent. co. uk/news/science/revealed-new-earthlike-planet-that-could-have-a-lifesupporting-climate-and-water-8297750. html (Hall, 2012) 5. Globus, A. (2007, August 2). Space settlement and war. Retrieved from http://www. space. com/4140-space-settlement-war. html (Globus, 2007) 6. Poeter, D. (2012, November 17). NASA’s Kepler renews hunt for earth-like planets. Retrieved from http://www. pcmag. com/article2/0,2817,2412264,00. asp (Poeter, 2012)